The Solar System 🌌

• The Solar System: Includes the sun ☀️ and everything orbiting around it, like 8 planets 🌍, moons 🌕, asteroids 🌑, comets ☄️, and meteoroids.
• Planets in order from the sun: Mercury ☿️, Venus ♀️, Earth 🌎, Mars ♂️, Jupiter ♃, Saturn ♄, Uranus ♅, Neptune ♆.

1. Mercury 🔥

• Closest to the sun – 579 million km away.
• Smallest planet with no moons 🌑, and completes its orbit in 88 days 🗓️.
• Its temperature is extreme due to its closeness to the sun 🌞.

2. Venus 🌟

• Similar in size, mass, and density to Earth 🌎.
• Experiences an intense greenhouse effect 🌱, making it the hottest planet 🔥.
• One day on Venus lasts 243 Earth days 🗓️.

3. Earth 🌍

• Only planet with life 🌱 due to the atmosphere, water 💧, and a stable climate 🌤️.
• It has one moon 🌕 and orbits the sun in 365¼ days 🗓️.
• Surface temperatures range from -50°C to +50°C 🌡️.

4. Mars 🔴

• Also called the "Red Planet" because of its reddish surface 🔴.
• Known for having 2 moons 🌑🌑 and for its potential to support future life 👨‍🚀.

5. Jupiter ♃

• The largest planet 🌍, located 773 million km from the sun.
• Has 63 moons 🌑 and a gaseous atmosphere, mostly hydrogen and helium 💨.

6. Saturn 💍

• Known for its rings 💍, Saturn takes 29½ years to orbit the sun 🗓️.
• It is 1,429 million km away from the sun 🌞 and has 61 moons 🌑.

7. Uranus 💙

• Rotates on its side (retrograde rotation), discovered in the 18th century 🕰️.
• Has a bluish-green appearance 💧 and 27 moons 🌑.

8. Neptune 🌊

• Furthest from the sun 🌞 and known for its extremely cold atmosphere 🥶.
• Has 13 moons 🌑 and a primarily hydrogen and helium atmosphere 💨.

• Asteroids: Small rocky bodies orbiting the sun 🌑, with over 50,000 of them.
• Meteors: These are rocks that burn up when they enter Earth's atmosphere, creating "shooting stars" 🌟.
• Comets: Icy bodies ❄️ that leave trails of water vapor as they move through space 🌠.

• The Earth is roughly spherical ⚽ but slightly flattened at the poles, known as a geoid shape 🔵.
• It is bulged along the equator 🌍 and flattened at the poles, giving evidence of its roundness from space observations 🚀.
• Evidence: Photographs from space 📸, circumnavigation of ships 🚢, and the curved shadow 🌑 during a lunar eclipse 🌕 all prove the Earth is round.

• Aerial Photographs: Pictures from satellites 📸 and rockets 🚀 show the Earth's curved edge.
• Circumnavigation: Modern air routes ✈️ and ocean navigation 🌊 support the Earth's round shape.
• Ship’s Visibility: Ships disappear gradually over the horizon 🌅 as they sail away, confirming the Earth's curvature.
• Lunar Eclipse: The shadow cast by Earth 🌍 on the moon 🌕 during a lunar eclipse is circular 🔵.
• Sunrise and Sunset: The Earth's rotation causes the sun 🌞 to rise earlier in the east 🌅 and later in the west 🌇.
• Planetary Bodies: Observations through telescopes 🔭 show that the sun ☀️, moon 🌕, and other planets 🪐 are circular, supporting the Earth’s spherical shape.

Latitude 📏

• Imaginary lines: Running parallel to the equator 🌍, measured in degrees north or south of the equator.

Longitude 🌐

• Imaginary lines: Running from the North Pole ⬆️ to the South Pole ⬇️, measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian (Greenwich) 🌍.

• Equator (0°): Divides the northern and southern hemispheres 🌍.
• Tropic of Cancer (23.5°N): The northernmost point where the sun 🌞 is directly overhead.
• Tropic of Capricorn (23.5°S): The southernmost point where the sun 🌞 is directly overhead.
• Arctic Circle (66.5°N): Marks the boundary of the northern polar region ❄️.
• Antarctic Circle (66.5°S): Marks the boundary of the southern polar region 🐧.

• Location of Places: Latitude lines help in pinpointing the exact location of places on Earth 📍.
• Distance Calculation: They help determine the distance between two places along the Earth's surface.
• Weather Zones: Latitude determines the climate or weather zone of a region 🌡️.

• 🌍 Location: Longitude lines are used to locate and fix the position of places on Earth, measured in degrees east or west of the Prime Meridian.
• 📏 Distance Measurement: Longitudes help in measuring the distance between meridians in kilometers or miles.
• ⏰ Time Calculation: Longitudes are essential for calculating local time, as the Earth rotates 15° per hour, affecting time zones.

• 🌐 Greenwich Mean Time (GMT): The standard time at the Prime Meridian.
• 🕒 Time Calculation: Time is calculated by adding or subtracting 1 hour for every 15° of longitude east or west.
• 🌍 International Date Line: The 180° line where the date changes by one day when crossed.

• ⏩ Time Advancement: For every 15° east of the Prime Meridian, time advances by 1 hour.
• ⏪ Time Retardation: For every 15° west of the Prime Meridian, time is retarded (goes back) by 1 hour.

• Step 1: 📏 Calculate the difference in longitude between the two locations.
• Step 2: ➗ Divide the difference by 15 to get the number of hours.
• Step 3: ➕ Add the time difference if moving east, and ➖ subtract if moving west.

This method allows you to calculate the time difference between locations based on their longitudes and helps explain the concept of time zones. 🌍⏰

The angle of elevation is the angle at which the sun's rays strike the Earth’s surface at a particular location. This angle changes throughout the year depending on the position of the sun relative to the Earth. It affects the intensity of solar radiation and, consequently, the temperature and climate of a location. 🌞🌡️

• Overhead Sun: 🌞 The point on Earth where the sun’s rays strike perpendicular to the surface (90° angle).
• Latitude: 📍 The angle of elevation varies depending on the latitude of a location and the time of the year.

Formula: If the overhead sun and the place are in the same hemisphere, subtract the angle of the place from 90°. 📐

The distance between lines of latitude can be used to calculate the linear distance between two locations on Earth. 🌍

1 degree of latitude = 111 km. 📏

The International Date Line (IDL) is an imaginary line located roughly along the 180° longitude in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. It plays a critical role in determining the change of calendar days across the globe. 🌐

• ⏳ The IDL serves as the boundary where one calendar day ends and the next begins.
• ➡️ Crossing the IDL from east to west causes the date to advance by one day (you gain a day).
• ⬅️ Crossing the IDL from west to east causes the date to go back by one day (you lose a day).

If it is Monday, 10:00 AM just west of the IDL, then it is Sunday, 10:00 AM just east of the IDL. ⏰

The IDL does not follow a perfectly straight line. It is zigzagged to avoid dividing countries and territories into different calendar days. 🔄

The line has been adjusted to pass around island groups and countries to ensure they follow the same calendar day. For example, the line diverts around parts of Kiribati and Samoa to maintain uniform dates across the territories. 🌴

East to West Crossing: 🌍 When you travel westward across the IDL (e.g., from the United States to Japan), you add a day to your calendar. This means if it is Monday when you leave the U.S., it will be Tuesday when you arrive in Japan.

West to East Crossing: 🌍 When you travel eastward across the IDL (e.g., from Japan to the United States), you lose a day. This means if it is Monday in Japan, it will still be Sunday when you arrive in the U.S.

• ⏳ Time Travel: The IDL allows for the concept of "time travel," where you can either gain or lose a day when crossing the line, depending on your direction of travel.
• 🌐 Global Uniformity: The IDL ensures that the world maintains a uniform standard for time and dates, which is crucial for international travel, communications, and trade.
• ⚖️ Avoiding Confusion: The zigzagging of the IDL helps avoid confusion for island nations and territories that could be split into two different calendar days.

Samoa made a historic change in 2011 when it decided to jump forward by one day. On December 29, 2011, Samoa skipped to December 31, 2011, skipping December 30 entirely. This was done to align the country with its trading partners in the Asia-Pacific region. 🗓️

Earth movements refer to the various shifts in Earth's position, such as rotation and revolution, which have profound effects on the climate, time, and weather patterns. 🌞🌍

Rotation of the Earth: 🌍 The Earth rotates around its axis, which results in the day-night cycle. A full rotation takes about 24 hours. This is why we experience day and night. 🌙

Revolution of the Earth: 🌍 The Earth revolves around the Sun in an elliptical orbit. It takes about 365 days to complete one revolution. This is what causes the seasons. 🌸🌞🍂❄️

Rotation 🔄:

• The Earth rotates on its axis once every 24 hours. 🕒
• This rotation occurs in an anticlockwise direction (from west to east). ↩️
• The rotation of the Earth is responsible for the cycle of day and night. 🌅🌙

Revolution 🔄🌞:

• The Earth revolves around the sun in an elliptical orbit, taking 365¼ days to complete one full revolution. 🌍➡️🌞
• The tilt of the Earth’s axis (approximately 23.5°) plays a significant role in the changing seasons and varying lengths of day and night throughout the year. 🌡️

• Time Differences ⏰: The Earth's rotation creates time zones. Each 15° of longitude corresponds to a 1-hour difference in local time.
• Deflection of Winds and Ocean Currents 🌬️🌊: The Coriolis Effect causes winds and ocean currents to deflect to the right in the northern hemisphere and to the left in the southern hemisphere.
• Tides 🌊: The rotation of the Earth, combined with the gravitational pull of the moon, causes the daily rise and fall of ocean tides.
• Day and Night 🌅🌙: As the Earth rotates, different parts of the surface move into and out of sunlight, creating day and night.

• Seasons 🌸☀️🍂❄️: The tilt of the Earth's axis causes different regions to receive varying amounts of sunlight throughout the year, resulting in the four distinct seasons: spring, summer, autumn, and winter.
• Changes in the Altitude of the Midday Sun ☀️: The angle of elevation of the sun changes throughout the year, affecting temperatures and weather patterns.
• Equinoxes 🌅🌍: Occur twice a year when the sun is directly above the equator, leading to approximately equal day and night lengths worldwide (around March 21 and September 23).
• Solstices 🌞: The summer solstice (around June 21) is when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Cancer, resulting in the longest day of the year in the northern hemisphere. The winter solstice (around December 22) is when the sun is directly overhead at the Tropic of Capricorn, leading to the shortest day of the year in the northern hemisphere.

Summer in the northern hemisphere occurs when the North Pole is tilted towards the sun. Conversely, during winter, the North Pole is tilted away from the sun, leading to shorter days and lower temperatures. ❄️☀️

Understanding Earth's movements—both rotation and revolution—is crucial for comprehending the dynamics of time zones, seasonal changes, and climatic variations. The interplay of these movements affects life on Earth, including weather patterns and ecosystems. 🌍

The atmosphere is a mixture of gases that surrounds the Earth, providing essential conditions for life by regulating temperature and protecting against harmful solar radiation. It is crucial for weather patterns, climate, and supporting living organisms. 🌍💨

• Nitrogen (78%) 🌬️: The most abundant gas, crucial for maintaining the balance of oxygen and supporting life.
• Oxygen (21%) 🌱: Essential for the respiration of most living organisms.
• Other Gases (1%) 🌫️: Includes argon, carbon dioxide, neon, and trace amounts of other gases.

• Absorption of UV Radiation 🌞☀️: The atmosphere absorbs harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation from the sun, protecting living organisms on Earth.
• Regulation of Temperature 🌡️: The greenhouse effect, facilitated by gases like carbon dioxide and methane, helps to maintain a stable climate by trapping heat.
• Weather Formation 🌧️🌩️: The atmosphere is where all weather phenomena occur, including rain, snow, wind, and storms.

The Earth's atmosphere is divided into four main layers based on temperature variations and other characteristics. 🌍

Insolation refers to the amount of solar radiation received by the Earth’s surface. 🌍

• Solar radiation travels through space to reach Earth, covering a distance of approximately 150 million km. 🚀
• The Earth receives about 51% of incoming solar radiation, which warms the surface and the atmosphere. 🌡️

Key Components of Solar Radiation ☀️

• Visible Light 🌟: The most intense part of the solar spectrum, important for photosynthesis. 🌱
• Ultraviolet (UV) Radiation ☀️: Harmful to skin and can cause sunburn; absorbed largely by the ozone layer. 🌞
• Infrared Rays 🔴: Responsible for warming the Earth and are capable of penetrating dust and fog. 🌫️

Percentage Distribution 📊

• Approximately 35% of solar radiation is reflected back into space by clouds, dust, and atmospheric particles. ☁️
• 14% is absorbed by gases in the atmosphere, while 51% reaches the Earth's surface to warm it. 🌍

Introduction 📖

Earth movements are caused by both internal and external forces. They can be classified into two primary types: faulting and folding. These movements affect the Earth's surface and shape the landscape. 🌍

Faulting 🏞️

• Definition: Faulting occurs when there is a crack or fracture in the Earth’s crust caused by tectonic forces. ⚠️
• Types of Faults: 🏞️
  • Normal Faults: Occur due to the tension of the Earth’s crust, causing one block of the crust to move downward relative to another. ⬇️
  • Reverse Faults: Caused by compressional forces that push one block of crust upward relative to another. ⬆️
  • Strike-slip Faults: Occur due to horizontal movement along the fault line. ➡️⬅️

Folding 🌄

• Definition: Folding occurs when layers of the Earth's crust are bent and deformed due to compressional forces. ⛏️
• Types of Folds 🏔️:
  • Anticline: A fold in which the layers of rock are bent upwards. ⛰️
  • Sycline: A fold where the layers are bent downwards. 🌋

📚 Introduction

Earth movements are caused by both internal and external forces. They can be classified into two primary types: faulting and folding.

🔴 Internal Forces (Endogenic Forces)

Forces that operate within the Earth, leading to earthquakes, volcanic activity, and the formation of mountains through tectonic processes.

🌊 External Forces (Exogenic Forces)

Forces that act on the Earth's surface, leading to erosion, glaciation, and the shaping of landscapes by rivers and waves.

⏳ Slow Movements:

Gradual changes that occur over hundreds or thousands of years. These movements are slow but lead to significant changes in the Earth's surface over long periods.

• Can result in uplift, subsidence, or submergence of the Earth's crust.

⚡ Sudden Movements:

Abrupt changes that occur quickly, such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, and landslides. These movements happen rapidly and can cause immediate, dramatic impacts on the landscape.